tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-76193720438037349562024-03-07T22:51:54.305-08:00TUGAS SEKOLAHAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11378610706191005347noreply@blogger.comBlogger2125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7619372043803734956.post-4068704696328196582013-04-16T14:20:00.001-07:002013-04-16T14:20:43.044-07:00VIRUSES AND BACTERIA<br />
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<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Viruses and bacteria</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Reviewed by Dr Jeni Worden, GP</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/health_advice/facts/virusbacteria.htm</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">What are viruses?</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Viruses are too small to be seen by the naked eye. They can't multiply on their
own, so they have to invade a 'host' cell and take over its machinery in order
to be able to make more virus particles.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Viruses consist of genetic materials (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protective
coat of protein. They are capable of latching onto cells and getting inside
them.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
The cells of the mucous membranes, such as those lining the respiratory
passages that we breathe through, are particularly open to virus attacks
because they are not covered by protective skin.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
What are bacteria?</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Bacteria are organisms made up of just one cell. They are capable of
multiplying by themselves, as they have the power to divide. Their shapes vary,
and doctors use these characteristics to separate them into groups.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Bacteria exist everywhere, inside and on our bodies. Most of them are
completely harmless and some of them are very useful.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
But some bacteria can cause diseases, either because they end up in the wrong
place in the body or simply because they are 'designed' to invade us.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
How are infections with viruses and bacteria spread?</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Viral and bacterial infections are both spread in basically the same ways.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> A person with a cold can spread the
infection by coughing and/or sneezing.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Bacteria or viruses can be passed on by
touching or shaking hands with another person.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Touching food with dirty hands will also
allow viruses or bacteria from the intestine to spread.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Body fluids, such as blood, saliva and
semen, can contain the infecting organisms and transmission of such fluids, for
example by injection or sexual contact, is important, particularly for viral
infections like hepatitis or AIDS.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">How to avoid infection</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> :</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• Wash your hands thoroughly (often one of the best ways to avoid catching a
cold).</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• Shaking hands with someone who has a cold is risky, so avoid rubbing your
eyes or nose afterwards.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• Food should be cooked or cooled down as quickly as possible.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• Vegetables and meat must be stored separately and prepared on separate
chopping boards.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• Meat should preferably be served well-done.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• Remember that food with these invisible organisms does not necessarily smell
bad.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• Some organisms are killed as the food is cooked, but they can still leave
toxic substances that may cause diarrhoea and vomiting.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• The use of condoms during sexual intercourse reduces the likelihood of
spreading sexually transmitted diseases.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
How can the doctor treat bacterial infections?</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Bacterial infections are usually treated with a special antibiotic, which only
kills the bacterium that has caused the disease.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
To make sure that you get the right treatment, your doctor may take a sample,
for example a swab from the throat or a urine sample.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
How can the doctor treat viral infections?</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Viruses can't multiply until they are inside the body's cells.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
This is the reason why the treatment of virus infections is usually left up to
the patient's own immune system, although it may be hard to accept when the
doctor says the only cure is for 'nature to take its course'.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
The treatment of virus infections, such as influenza, will usually involve:</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• drinking plenty of water</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• staying at home. People who go to work or school in this condition not only
risk spreading the virus to their colleagues but also run a higher risk of
catching a bacterial infection</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">
• taking a painkiller, such as paracetamol (eg Panadol) or ibuprofen (eg
Nurofen), to bring your temperature down</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">• vaccines have been developed against most viral diseases. The vaccine gives
the body some help in quickly and effectively fighting the virus.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
An increasing number of antiviral remedies are being developed that prevent the
virus multiplying and cause the illness to run its course more quickly.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Unfortunately, these remedies can still only be used on very few viruses and
are of limited effectiveness.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Antibiotics have no effect upon viral infections such as colds or flu, and it's
important that we limit antibiotic use only to bacterial infections that won't
get better on their own.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Over-use of antibiotics reduces their effectiveness by encouraging the growth
of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which is a serious and increasing problem
globally.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">Question.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">1. Explain what you know about viruses and bacteria.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
Virus</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">a. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">b. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">c. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">d. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">e. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">bacteria</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">a. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">b. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">c. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">d. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">e. .....</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">2. Which is more dangerous disease, caused by bacteria or a virus,
explain why?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">3. Why the disease is caused by the virus more difficult to cure?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">4. Why there is no influenza vaccine until recently?</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">5. explain how the appropriate treatment of viral diseases.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span><span style="line-height: 115%;">
GOOD LUCK !!!!!!</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="color: #cccccc; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">AND HAVE A NICE HOLIDAY!!</span></span><br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11378610706191005347noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7619372043803734956.post-48660359464572161642013-04-02T02:59:00.001-07:002013-04-02T02:59:45.436-07:00Materi Geografi kelas X Bab 1 Hakikat Geografi Semester 1<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">BAB 1<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">HAKIKAT GEOGRAFI</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> PENGERTIAN GEOGRAFI DAN
KONSEP GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">RUANG LINGKUP DAN PENDEKATAN GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> PRONSIP-PRINSIP DALAM
GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="15" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">ASPEK GEOGRAFI DAN OBJEK STUDI GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype
id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t"
path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:formulas>
<v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/>
<v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/>
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<v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/>
<v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/>
<v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/>
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<v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75"
alt="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ-Hp1-cSLmNrUz87gi74xZOXgQg1aCkLC2vEfClnBVXAW0Cnhr2g"
style='width:168.75pt;height:168.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Private\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg"
o:title="ANd9GcQ-Hp1-cSLmNrUz87gi74xZOXgQg1aCkLC2vEfClnBVXAW0Cnhr2g"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">1.PENGERTIAN GEOGRAFI DAN KONSEP
GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN GEOGRAFI</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Kata geografi berasal dari yunani
yaitu : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">GEO = BUMI (EARTH)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://img.carapedia.com/images/article/bumi.gif"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:206.45pt;
margin-top:26.1pt;width:100.55pt;height:88.1pt;z-index:1;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;
mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;
mso-position-horizontal:absolute;mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;
mso-position-vertical:absolute;mso-position-vertical-relative:text'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\Private\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.gif"
o:title="bumi"/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">GRAFI =
(GRAPHEIN) = PENCITRAAN ATAU GAMBARAN</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Jadi secara etimologi geografi
adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang menggambarkan bumi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Sedangkan,Studi geografi
merupakan pengkajian keruangan tentang fenomena dan masalah kehidupan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN GEOGRAFI MENURUT PARA
AHLI : </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">FERDINAN VON
RICHTOFHEN = GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang gejala dan sifat-sifat
permukaan bumi dan penduduknya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">SIDNEY E.EKBLAW dan
D.J.D.MULKURNE =GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">sebagai ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang bumi dan kehidupannya yang mempengaruhi cara kita hidup.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">HALIM KHAN =GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">adalh lingkungan alam dan sosial merupakan wilayah untuk
melakukan kegiatan,mendeskripsikan,menganalisis dan menikmati tingkah laku
manusia yang bermanfaat bagi kelangsungan hidupnya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">BINTARTO =GEOGRAFI </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">adalah ilmu pengetahuan yang menceritakan dan menganalisis
sifat bumi,menganalisis gejala alam dan penduduk,mempelajari corak yang khas
dalam kehidupan,dan berusaha mencari fungsi unsur-unsur bumi dalam ruang dan
waktu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">GEOGRAFI adalah ilmu yang
mempelajari tentang gejala alam dan kehidupan dimuka bumi serta interaksi
antara manusia dan lingkungannya dalam kaitannya dengan kewilayahan </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">GEOGRAFI SEBAGAI ILMU PENGETAHUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Geografi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">sebagai ilmu pengetahuan dikarenakan disususn secara
sistematik,bukan hanya memberikan deskripsi tentang bumi akan tetapi
kegiatannya juga seperti pengkajian dan analisis baik aspek fisik maupun aspek
sosial. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Pembelajaran
geografi meliputi 3 aspek yaitu : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">pengetahuan </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">keterampilan </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">sikap </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">KONSEP DASAR GEOGRAFI</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Konsep Lokasi = konsep lokasi dibedakan
menjadi 2 yaitu,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Lokasi absolut (letak astronomis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Lokasi relatif (letak geografis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Jarak (jarak
tempuh)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Keterjangkauan
(kondisi medan/ ada tidaknya sarana angkutan dan komunikasi yang dipakai.
Keterjangkauan tidak selalu berkaitan dengan jarak)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Morfologi
(perwujudan bentuk daratan muka bumi sebagai hasil pengangkatan atau penurunan
wilayah seperti erosi,pengendapan atau sedimentasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Aglomerasi atau
Pemusatan ( penyebaran penduduk yang bersifat mengelompok pada suatu wilayah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">f)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep pola
(susunan,bentuk,atau persebaran fenomena dalam ruang muka bumi)<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">g)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Interaksi atau
Interdepensi ( kegiatan saling memengaruhi daya,objek,antara tempat satu dengan
lainnya)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">h)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Nilai Kegunaan
(nilai kegunaan suatu fenomena dimuka bumi bersifat relatif)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">i)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Diferensiasi Area /
wilayah (antara satu tempat dengan tempat lainnya memiliki perbedaan,baik unsur
alam ataupun sosial)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">j)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Konsep Keterkaitan
Keruangan (derajat keterkaitan persebaran suatu fenomena dengan fenomena lain
di suatu tempat atau ruang) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Ruang Lingkup dan Pendekatan
Geografi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">1. Ruang Lingkup Geografi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Geografi
pada umumnya mengkaji gejala/ fenomena di permukaan bumi (geosfer),yang terdiri
dari gejala alm (fisik) dan gejala manusia (social)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita
jumpai berbagai gejala geosfer antaralain sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh cuaca dan iklim dengan
masa tanam dan jenis tanaman di bidang pertanian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh angin darat dan angin
laut terhadap aktivitas penangkapan ikan di laut oleh para nelayan tradisional <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh bentukan muka bumi
(relief) terhadap pola-pola pemukiman penduduk <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh lokasi persebaran
pusat-pusat aktivitas penduduk, seperti sarana pendidikan,perkantoran,pusat
industry,sarana kesehatan dan sarana transportasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Yang dipelajari dalam geografi sangatlah luas.Untuk itu perlu
adanya batasan yang menjadi ruang lingkup bahasan geografi.Ruang lingkup
bahasan geografi terdiri dari tiga bagian yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Geografi Fisik </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Mempelajari
tentang gejala-gejala alam di permukaan bumi yang meliputi
atmosfer,litosfer,hidrosfer dan biosfer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Geografi Sosial </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Mempelajari
tentang segala aktivitas kehidupan manusia di bumi dan interaksinya dengan
lingkungan,baik dalam lingkungan social,ekonomi maupun budaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Geografi Regional</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Mempelajari
tentang topic atau bahasan khususnya yang mencakup suatu daerah atau wilayah
tertentu.<b><br />
2.Pendekatan-Pendekatan Geografi</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Karena
begitu luasnya ruang lingkup ini,maka untuk menganalisis segala fenomena yang
terjadi di permukaan bumi perlu adanya suatu pendekatan.Terdapat 3 jenis
pendekatan geografi,yaitu : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">1. Pendekatan Keruangan (spasial)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pendekatan
keruangan terbagi menjadi 3 bagian yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pendekatan
topic,yaitu pendekatan yang menitikberatkan pada topic utama dari suatu gejala
dan masalah pada studi feografi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pendekatan
Aktivitas Manusia, yaitu pendekatan yang focus utamanaya adalah aktivitas
manusia (human activities).</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pendekatan
Region,yaitu pendekatan yang focus utamanaya adalah region atau wilayah temapat
suatu gejala dan masalah geografi tersebut terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Pendekatan Ekologi </span></b><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Suatu pendekatan yang berdasarkan interaksi dan interdepensi
yang terjadi pada lingkungan.Ekologi mempelajari hubungan timbal balik anatara
manusia dengan lingkungannya yang membentuk suatu system ekologi atau
ekosistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> 3. Pendekatan Kompleks Wilayah </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Membahas
mengenai gejala tau fenomena dengan menggunakan kombinasi antara analisis
keruangan dengan analisis ekologi.Pendekatan
kompleks wilayah dilakukan untuk mengetahiu perbedaan suatu wilayah
dengan wilayah yang lain (areal differentiation).Pendekatan kompleks wilayah
melihat setiap wilayah mempunyai karakteristik uang khas atau berbeda dengan
wilayah lain.Sehingga sifat tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai salah satu acuan
dalam analisisobjek kajian <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Ciri –
ciri geografi adalah sebagai berikut :</span></u><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Geografi melihat permukaan
bumi sebagai lingkungan hidup manusia dan lingkungan yang berpengaruh terhadap
kehidupan manusia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Geografi melihat
penyebaran manusia dalam ruang dan bagaimana ruang dengan segala sumber dayanya
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Geografi melihat ciri khas
suatu daerah, sehingga persamaan dan perbedaan wilayah di permukaan bumi dapat
dilihat dengan jelas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Dalam mempelajari suatu
fenomena atau gejala, geografi selalu mengaitkannya dengan unsur letak, jaraj,
penyebaran, interelasi, gerakan, dan regionalisasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Contoh dalam mengkaji
masalah tanah longsor, geografi tidak hanya melihat luas wilayah yang terkena
tanah longsor maupun pengaruhnya terhadap kehidupan manusia, tetapi juga dikaji
bagaimana latar belakang timbulnya tanah longsor, bagaimana penggunaan lahan di
daerah tersebut dll <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
itulah dalam setiap fenomena ilmu geografi menggunakan suatu prinsip untuk
menganalisanya. Ada empat prinsip geografi, yaitu prinsip deskripsi , prinsip
interelasi, prinsip distribusi, dan prinsip korologi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip – Prinsip dalam Geografi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip deskripsi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Prinsip deskripsi yaitu prinsip untuk
memberikan penjelasan atau gambaran lebih jauh tentang gejala atau masalah yang
dipelajari atau sedang diselidiki. Dengan ini digunakan untuk menjelaskan sebab
interaksi dan interaksi antara faktor yang satu dan lainnya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip interelasi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Prinsip interelasi yaitu interelasi dalam
ruang yang menyatakan bahwa terdapat saling keterkaitan antara gejala satu
dengan gejala yang lainnya atau antara faktor yang satu dengan yang lainnya
dalam suatu ruang tertentu. Prinsip interelasi didasarkan pada hubungan antara
satu gejala dengan gejala lain atau antara objek fisik yang satu dengan objek
fisik lainnya. Misalnya daerah longsor sangat berkaitan dengan morfologi
wilayahnya. Contoh lainnya adalah penduduk pantai pada umumnya mempunyai mata
pencaharian sebagai nelayan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip distribusi </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip ini pada hakikatnya adalah terjadi persebaran
gejala-gejala geosfer yang ada di permukaan bumi, dimana distribusi (
penyebarannya ) berbeda antara satu tempat dengan tempat lainnya. Gejala
geografi baik yang menyangkut kondisi fisik maupun sosial tersebar luas di
permukaan bumi, tetapi penyebarannya tidaklah merata antara wilayah satu dengan
lainnya .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Contoh
fenomena yang dapat menganalisis menggunakan prinsip distribusi antara lain
persebaran kandungan minyak bumi dan gas di wilayah Indonesia yang tidak
merata, yang mana lebih banyak
terkosentrasi di wilayah Indonesia bagian barat, sedangkan wilayah Indonesia
bagian timur lebih banyak mengandung bahan mineral. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Private/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Prinsip korologis </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Prinsip ini merupakan perpaduan
antarprinsip lainnya. Pada prinsip ini gejala, fakta, dan masalah ditinjau
penyebarannya, dan interelasinya dalam ruang. Pada pendekatan ini kajian suatu
gejala yang terjadi pada suatu wilayah dicari penyebabnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Dengan mempelajari geografi, kita akan
,mengetahui bahwa geografi menganalisis keadaan alam dan keadaan manusia.
Keadaan alam mempunyai kondisi yang tidak sama dari masa ke masa. Keadaan alam
meliputi lingkungan alam dan bentang alam. Dalam lingkungan alam tercangkup
unsur-unsur sebagai berikut : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_10" o:spid="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmsADC5MEwkKuaoz-JLL_IAoHHnO_HRC9vorl8xR00ww0j5ueHSg"
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margin-top:18.15pt;width:102.75pt;height:59.65pt;z-index:5;visibility:visible;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Kekuatan, seperti rotasi
bumi, revolusi bumi, grafitasi, dan perunahan cuaca.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level3 lfo24; tab-stops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Proses-proses, seperti proses erosi, sedimentasi, peredaran
air, dan gejala-gejala vulkanisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; line-height: 115%;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">Unsur-unsur fisik, topologi, dan biotik. Unsur fisik meliputi
iklim, air, dan tanah. Unsur topologi meliputi luas, letak, dan bentuk. Unsur
biotik meliputi flora, fauna, organisme, dan manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Keadaan manusia sendiri mengalami
perubahan yang cepat, bersifat dinamis, dan kreatif. Keadaan manusia meliputi
lingkungan sosial, bentang alam budaya, dan masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> Studi geografi memperhatikan hubungan
timbal balik antara alam dengan manusia secara menyeluruh .oleh karena itu,
kita harus bersikap bijaksana dalam memanfaatkan alam, sehingga kelestarian
alam tetap terjaga. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">ASPEK
GEOGRAFI DAN OBJEK STUDI GEOGRAFI</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><br />
a. Aspek Fisik</span><b><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">1)
Geografi matematik, yaitu astronomi (ilmu falak), ilmu yang objeknya
mempelajari benda-benda langit, bumi sebagai satelit, matahari sebagai
bintang-bintang di langit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">2) Geologi, yaitu ilmu yang
mempelajari bumi secara keseluruhan, asal kejadian, struktur, komposisi dan
sejarahnya (termasuk perkembangan kehidupan), dan proses alamiah yang membuat
perkembangannya hingga sampai sekarang. Geologi meliputi cabang-cabang ilmu
sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">· Kristalografi,
mineralogi, dan petrologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">· Struktur
geologi, dan geofisika.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">· Stratigrafi
dan historis geologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">· Geologi
fisik dan geomorfologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">3) Geomorfologi, yaitu ilmu yang
objeknya tentang bentuk-bentuk permukaan bumi dan segala proses yang
menghasilkan bentuk-bentuk tersebut. Proses yang dominan adalah pelapukan dan
erosi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">4) Meteorologi, yaitu ilmu
yang objeknya mempelajari atmosfer, udara, cuaca, suhu, angin</span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">, awan, hujan, radiasi, matahari,
dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">5) Oceanografi, yaitu ilmu yang
objeknya mempelajari perairan laut serta gerakannya, pasang surut, arus,
kedalaman, temperatur, kadar garam, dan nilai ekonomisnya. Juga tentang geologi
dasar laut dan sebagainya.<span class="msoIns"><ins><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">b. Aspek Sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">1) Geografi sosial/sosiologi,
ilmu yang mempelajari struktur sosial dan proses sosial termasuk perubahan sosial,
yaitu kaidah-kaidah sosial, lembaga-lembaga sosial, kelompok-kelompok sosial,
dan lapisan sosial. Sedangkan proses sosial adalah pengaruh timbal balik
berbagai segi kehidupan bersama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">2) Geografi ekonomi (geografi
sosial ekonomi), ilmu yang objeknya mempelajari hubungan timbal balik antara
manusia dengan lingkungannya dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan hidup untuk dapat
mencapai kesejahteraan dalam hidupnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">3) Geografi politik, ilmu
yang objeknya mempelajari/studi tentang hubungan antara daratan dan lautan
dengan politik untuk tujuan politik luar negeri. Jadi, metode/cara
mempergunakan prinsip-prinsip geografi untuk meramalkan perkembangan politik
dunia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">4)
Antropologi/antropogeografi, ilmu yang objeknya mempelajari tentang penyebaran
masyarakat bangsa-bangsa di bumi sehubungan dengan lingkungan geografi. Para
ahli menganggap antropogeografi sama dengan human geografi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS'; line-height: 115%;">5) Biogeografi, ilmu yang
objeknya mempelajari kehidupan/biosfer di muka bumi (di darat, laut, dan udara)<span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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